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• Other names: Brow lift, forehead lift, coronal lift, endoscopic brow lift, direct brow lift, temporal lift, midforehead lift, internal brow lift, browplasty, browpexy, upper face lift
• Primary goal: Elevation of drooping eyebrows
• Secondary goals: Softening of forehead wrinkling and glabellar (the area between the brows) frown lines
• Special anatomy: Be sure to review the color illustration of the muscles of the eyelids, brow, forehead, and glabellar region (the area between the two brows).
• Anesthesia: The more extensive the surgical approach, the deeper the level of required anesthesia. General anesthesia or deep intravenous sedation is advisable for coronal forehead lifts.
• Operative technique: Because so many very different operations exist, presenting the specifics of each is beyond the scope of this summary. Depending upon the operation, the actual lift may be achieved by a combination of skin and muscle removal, tucking of underlying muscle, or loosening of forehead and scalp periosteum with resuspension at a higher level. Incisions may be closed by using simple sutures, staples, bone screws, or sutures placed through bone tunnels.
• Variations: The number of different surgical approaches to brow elevation is large and includes . . . |
